References

Works Cited:

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Amstrup, S.C., Stirling, I. , Smith, T.S. , Perham, C. , & Thiemann, G.W. (2006). Recent observations of intraspecific predation and cannibalism among polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea.Polar Biol., 29(11), 997-1002.

Derocher, A.E., & Wiig, O. (1999). Infanticide and Cannibalism of Juvenile Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in Svalbard. Arctic, 52(3), 307–310.

Gonzalez, O., Zedrosser, A . Pelletier, F. , Swenson, J.E. , & Festa-Bianchet, M .(2012).Litter reductions reveal a trade-off between offspring size and number in brown bears. Behavioral ecology and sociobiology. 66 (7), 1025-1032 .

Libal N.S., Belant J.L., Leopold B.D., Wang G., & Owen P.A.(2011). Despotism and Risk of Infanticide Influence Grizzly Bear Den-Site Selection. PLoS ONE 6(9):e24133. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024133

National Geographic (2011). Retrieved from http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/polar-bear/?source=A-to-Z

Oregon zoo. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.oregonzoo.org/discover/animals/polar-bear